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Bones, Joints, and Muscles

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  • Osteoporosis and Osteopenia: Low Bone Density

    Article about osteoporosis, a condition in which bones become more brittle and prone to breaking.

  • Overpronation

    Article about overpronation, which occurs when the feet roll inward too far while walking. It is associated with flat feet.

  • Atlantoaxial Instability (AAI) in People with Down Syndrome

    Article about screening, diagnosis, and treatment of atlantoaxial instability, a condition involving abnormal movement between the first and second vertebrae in the neck.

  • Gout in People with Down Syndrome

    Article about gout – inflammation in the joints caused by a build-up of uric acid. Often occurs in the base of the big toe.

  • Connective Tissue and Down Syndrome

    Article about connective tissue differences in people with Down syndrome and the possible effects such as hypotonia, joint laxity, keratoconus, hernias, and varicose veins.

  • Getting an X-Ray Visual

    Visual that explains what happens during an X-ray, which is done to take images of certain areas inside the body.

  • Mann Method PT Exercises

    List of exercises developed using a physical therapy approach to help individuals with Down syndrome improve strength, mobility, and functional movement.

  • Bunions in People with Down Syndrome

    Article about bunions, bony projections or bumps that can form at the base of the big toe. Bunions are common in people with Down syndrome.

  • Use of Prolia to Treat Osteoporosis

    Article about a treatment option for osteoporosis and unique considerations for people with Down syndrome.

  • Ligamentous Laxity in People with Down Syndrome

    Article that explains loose joints commonly seen in people with Down syndrome, including functional impacts, safety considerations, and strategies to support stability and daily movement.

  • Knee Pain from Patellofemoral Syndrome

    Article about a cause of knee pain in people with Down syndrome and exercises that can be done to alleviate knee pain.